Ottomans had a profound impact on the continent was
shocked by the disaster fourteenth and fifteenth. Ottoman Empire achieved
military victories led Western Europeans fear that ongoing Ottoman success
would collapse the political and social infrastructure in the West and bring
fall Christians. Is an historic threat can not be ignored and the Europeans
mounted crusades against the Ottomans in 1366, 1396, and 1444, but was not
successful.
Ottomans continued to conquer new territories.
One of the few Turkic tribes that migrated from the
steppes of Central Asia, the Ottomans were initially a nomadic people who
followed a primitive shamanistic religion. Contact with various settled peoples
led to the introduction of Islam and under Islamic influence, the Turks acquired
their greatest fighting tradition, that the Gazi warriors. Trained and skilled,
Gazi warriors fought to conquer the infidel, acquiring land and wealth in the
process. Although Gazi warriors fighting for Islam, the greatest military asset
of the Ottoman Empire is standing paid army of Christian soldiers, Janissaries.
During the early history of the Ottoman Empire, political
factions within Byzantium employed the Ottoman Turks and the janissaries as
mercenaries in their own struggles for imperial supremacy. In 1340, the request
is not entitled to assistance in the uprising against the Ottoman emperor
granted an excuse to attack the Ottoman Thrace on the northern border of the
Byzantine Empire.
Conquest of Thrace gave the Ottomans a foothold in Europe's
future campaign to the Balkans and Greece were launched and Adrianople (Edirne)
became the Ottoman capital in 1366. Ottoman empire building that took in
Anatolia and increasingly larger share of the Byzantine territories in Eastern
Europe and Asia small. Ottoman expansion into Europe is also carried out in the
14th century's. Gallipoli was conquered in 1354 and destroyed vast crusaders in
the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. disaster was so great that the knights of
Western Europe is not advisable to launch a new expedition against the Turks.
The emergence of the Tatars under Tamerlane early in the fifteenth century
temporarily delayed but progress soon Ottoman attack on Byzantium and Eastern
Europe resumed. A Hungarian - Polish army was decimated at Varna in 1444 by
Murad II and Ottoman conquest is almost uncontrollable during the reign of his
son, Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432-1481).
Constantinople itself was captured in 1453, sent shock
waves throughout Europe, and its name was changed to Istanbul. With the fall of
Byzantium, a wave of Byzantine refugees fled to the Latin West, bringing with
them knowledge of classical and Hellenistic provide additional impetus to the
growth of humanity from the Renaissance. Athens fell in 1456 and Belgrade
narrowly escaped capture when a farmer led by the Hungarian Janos Hunyadi held
siege in the same year, however, Serbia, Bosnia, Wallachia, and the Khanate of
Crimea were all under Ottoman control by this 1478. Turkey commanded the Black
Sea and major trade route north Aegean and many were closed with European
lines. Islamic threat loomed larger when stepping Ottomans were established in
Otranto in Italy in 1480.
Despite the presence of Turkey in Italy did not last
long, it seemed as if Rome itself must soon fall into the hands of Islam. In
1529, the Ottomans had moved up the Danube and besieged Vienna. The siege was
unsuccessful and the Turks began to retreat. Although the Ottomans continued to
scare until the 16th century, internal struggles began to decline once the military
supremacy of the Empire Uthmaniyyah.Murad II attempted to limit the influence
of the aristocracy and Gazi to upgrade faithful former slaves and janissaries
to administrative positions. These administrators came to provide an
alternative voice to the aristocracy and, as a result, Sultan Murad II and
successive able to play one faction against the other, the features that came
to symbolize the Ottoman Empire. Power janissaries often overrode a weak sultan
and the elite military force occasionally acted as "king-makers".
Ottoman Empire managed to produce effective leaders in
the late Middle Ages and a comprehensive government policy developed. Despite
the difficulties of succession and administrative control, the Ottomans have
several advantages that contribute to their success, wealth of the Empire
become the most important asset. As the Ottoman Empire expanded, it gained
control of the trade routes to the East and many European powers such as Venice
and Genoa, paid large sums for the privilege of access to this route. Despite
the cruelty of the "infidel Turk" struck fear into the hearts of all
Christians in the late Middle Ages, in actuality, the Ottomans generally
allowed religious groups to continue to practice their own religion in the
conquered territories. They also tend to maintain the established feudal
institutions and, in many cases, allowing the coexistence of legal codes to
control groups of different ethnic and religious groups. Administrative system
and their government is too advanced and very effective and most lands under
Ottoman control were well managed at this time.
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